Ancient History

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The new religions and ideas of the sixth century BCE that questioned ritual and the caste order — above all Buddhism and Jainism.

How early historic India grew from village societies into great kingdoms and empires, above all the Mauryas under Ashoka.

The rise of the first large states around the sixth century BCE, with the first coins, taxes, forts and standing armies.

The empire often called the golden age of ancient India, remembered for its achievements in science, mathematics, art and literature.

India's first cities — the carefully planned, brick-built towns of the Harappan civilisation that flourished around 2500 BCE.

The period of the Vedas, when Indo-Aryan society, religion and the early caste order took shape after the Harappan decline.